c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) were originally identified as kinases that bind and phosphorylate c-Jun on Ser-63 and Ser-73 within its transcriptional activation domain. They belong to the mitogen-activated protein kinase family and are responsive to stress stimuli such as cytokines ultraviolet irradiation heat shock and osmotic shock. They also play a role in T cell differentiation and the cellular apoptosis pathway.
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